O Lincoln s Reputation As The Great Emancipator - 1900 Words

o Lincoln s reputation as the great emancipator rests largely on his emancipation proclamation, an executive order which went into effect on January 1st, 1863. This order ostensibly freed all the slaves in territory currently rebelling against the United States, i.e. in areas where the US government had no authority to free slaves. This is rather like the United States announcing that, from here on out, North Korea would be ruled by Lady Gaga. Sure, it s a great idea, but it s not really your jurisdiction. In areas where the US did have the authority to free slaves--the border states and some of the areas of the Confederacy that had been effectively conquered and occupied by federal troops, those slaves were not freed. So Lincoln†¦show more content†¦Thanks, ThoughtBubble. So Lincoln may also have issued the Proclamation in order to shift the focus of the war from Union to slavery to prevent the British from recognizing the Confederacy. Arguably, the Confederacy s best chance to win the Civil War was to get some kind of foreign patron, and Britain was the likeliest choice as it was very dependent on Confederate textiles. But as you ll remember from all those people going to Canada, Britain had already abolished slavery and it was the historic source of abolitionist sentiment, and so it was very shrewd of Lincoln to make the war about slavery. Off-topic, but if I may put on my world historian hat for a moment, thank you, Stan, the fact that the British did not recognize the South had profound effects on the whole world, because it meant that the British shifted their focus to Egypt and India as sources of cotton for their textile mills. All that noted, I think Lincoln does deserve some credit for freeing the slaves, for two reasons. First, he pushed for the Thirteenth Amendment, which actually ended slavery in the United States, and perhaps more importantly, he continued the war to its conclusion and demanded that the end of slavery and the return of the southern states to the Union be conditions for

My Personal Experience My Childhood Experience - 1201 Words

I have had numerous childhood encounters that have helped shape me into the individual that I am today. I have additionally had a ton of learning encounters over the span of my school year, a lot of them, I would state was more all through my high school years. A lot of my learning experiences were when I first came to America. Coming to a new country and trying to adapt to its ways can be very difficult. It is hard to just talk about one event because there is a lot, but I’ll just tell a few stories. My second story might not be from my childhood, but it was still something that helped me grow and helped me become the person I am today. The time when I was bullied at school by my peers and teachers especially in high school. It is hard†¦show more content†¦So of course, when I went to my teacher and I asked her to use the restroom, I said, â€Å"can I go to the WC.† After she had said that I was humiliated to even go back to my seat and sit down. I remember going home to my mom and when she opened the door and started conversing with me in Arabic, I got so irritated and told her the same thing that my teacher told me, â€Å"we are in America, stop talking in this stupid language.† I recall not wanting to talk to my parents unless they talk to me in English. I wanted to forget about the language and the country. I wanted to forget about who I was and where I came from and begin another life and erase everything from before. To the point, I was in the third grade when my teacher wanted to do a mini international day and she advised every one of us to come and wear our traditional cloth and bring food. I was so confused on why everyone was so eager to show off their culture. So, I went home, made my mom make food for me and I dressed up in anything that I could find, I couldn’t care less to make my poster board about Egypt look nice and neat As I was standing in my corner waiting for the teacher and some students to come to my stand, I was thinking to myself when will this day be over, but when they showed up and they started asking a lot of questions about the pyramids and the food, they all appeared toShow MoreRelatedMy Reflection Of Education In Education1210 Words   |  5 PagesAs I sit here and reflect on my time here at Rive r Valley since I began my Associates degree, I am struck by how far I’ve progress personally and professionally. I have learned that being a good educator does not only imply to the children you are teaching and interacting with, it also includes being willing to improve oneself, Gaining self-confidence and developing my teaching abilities has been a process. I have learned to regally evaluate my approaches and learning, understand more about theRead MoreWhy I Chose The Word Childhood1395 Words   |  6 PagesWhen I looked over the words for the Personal Definitions Essay, I was at a stand still. All of the words that were presented seemed great, but still a cliche. For instance, the easiest word on there has to be Love. How many people on the street right now could answer â€Å"What does love mean to you?† and it is a universal definition of one loving another in a caring and loving way. How many people would give examples of their significant others or their fam ilies to show assurance of this definitionRead MoreThe Human Emotions and Experiences expressed in â€Å"The Whipping† and â€Å"My Papa’s Waltz†780 Words   |  4 PagesEmotions and Experiences expressed in â€Å"The Whipping† and â€Å"My Papa’s Waltz† â€Å"The Whipping† and â€Å"My Papa’s Waltz† both deal with critical and serious issues that lie within the human mind. The issues being compared can be viewed as abusive, emotional or confusion. The reader can possibly be drawn by the poet to experience their own memories, emotions, and experiences in similar situations. These childhood memories can easily be revisited as adults and their life experiences can be viewedRead MoreThe Immigration And A Childhood928 Words   |  4 Pagesone place and assimilate different aspects of their life in one sociology. The immigration and a childhood have similar characteristics. Like immigration, childhood is the process of continual development. In our childhood, we experience many different situations and add something new to our personal characteristics. 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Each stage representing a key aspect in the development of one’s identity, and personality, and overall well-being. Our personal identity gives each of us an integrated and cohesive sense of self that endures and continues to grow as we age (Santrock 2009). These elements are influence d by factors such as socioeconomic status, location, culture, spiritual beliefs, and meetingRead MoreBattles in the Desert Essay634 Words   |  3 Pagesyoung man named Carlos encounter social and political changes. Carlos narrates his own experiences during his childhood when social and political problems are happening. The time period is during the regime of the government of Miguel Aleman. Carlos’ experiences demonstrate the changes of his own personal life, and the impact of the American culture on Mexico. I believe Carlos is reflecting his personal childhood lived at Mà ©xico, and also the unwilling changes of his personality. How Carlos enjoys

Forecasting Sales and Product Evolution †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Forecasting Sales and Product Evolution. Answer: Introduction Innovation in the field of electrical engineering is one of the most significant factors behind seeking the attention of the new customer base as well as economic development. Electrical engineering can be understand as a sub-disciplinary branch of engineering which is associated with the practical application of electricity particularly when it is associated with the power distribution and operation and design of the machine related equipment. The key objective of this paper is to design a marketing strategy for a pioneering and innovative technology in the field of electrical engineering (Nykvist and Nilsson, 2015). For this, there has been selected Tesla Motors which is a renowned and leading American automaker well known for its initiatives related to solar panel manufacturing and energy storages. The company was established in the year 2003 in Palo Alto, California having specialization in the residential photovoltaic panels, lithium-ion battery energy storage and electric cars. Tesla is one of the global manufacturers of the electric vehicles which are recognized for its continuous efforts in the field of electric innovations. The organisation initiated with its fully electric sports car and then has its huge presence in the field of battery based electric vehicles (Berdichevsky, et al., 2006). In the field of electrical engineering s well as electricity based vehicles, there are a number of initiatives taken by the companies by taking use of the newly emerged technologies. In the era of globalisation, the continuous technological advancements have resulted in huge developments in the automobile industry. And out of all, the one most pioneering and best aspect id BEV i.e. Battery Electric Vehicles. In the current scenario, where the companies are required to pose huge emphasis on the environmental protection as well as global warming are taking use of the new initiative of the automobile industry of Battery Electric Vehicles. There are some of the globally recognized brands that are investing extensive amount of capital in the production of vehicles based upon the BEV technology (Botsford and Szczepanek, 2009). The one of the most renowned brand in the field of sustainable operations Tesla has stick to its key objective of manufacturing premium category electric cars based on the concept of green driving. The newly emerging technology which is the USP i.e. the Unique Selling Proposition of Tesla is its enthusiasm and initiative of manufacturing high quality BEVs. The company works on the philosophy of manufacturing unique products to achieve attention of the masses and wants to accomplish its aim of Drive Different as its motive behind the creation and development of BEVs. The emerging technology of Tesla is focused on the accelerating the advent of the sustainable transportation by developing and marketing electric cars to the masses (Moses, et al., 2010). The new technology in the electric cars of Tesla will include factors such as the long distance battery, battery and charge function and luxury inclusions. All these aspects will help in developing a more technological and innovative electrical product for fetching the attention of the masses (Mangram, 2012). Tesla not only offers electricity based products but also a strong brand value to its cust omers as it is a globally recognized brand in the field of automobile industry with a mission of developing sustainable products through the use of electricity and saving the natural resources. Thus, it is the unique selling proposition of Tesla to serve the masses with a more improved and innovative electricity based cars so that there can be reduced or no consumption of the natural resources as well as the negative impact on the sustainability of the environment is reduced (Masoum, et al., 2010). Target Customers The target customers of the newly designed and innovative battery electric cars of Tesla Motors can be categorized on the basis of two factors i.e. demographic profile and psychographic profile. The demographic based segmentation of the target customers include those individuals or potential customers which are targeted on the basis of their age and gender, income and education (Chen and Perez, 2015). The primary target customers on the age factor of demographic profile are those which come under the age group of 25 to 50 as the people under this age group have a higher purchasing power than other people. In respect with the gender and income perspective, the male members of the society are more likely to purchase these cars as they have a higher income level as well as such technology is first available in the sports cars thus, the male customers are more attracted towards them in comparison with the female customers (Orbach and Fruchter, 2011). And from the education perspective, p eople who are educated and are more concerned with the environmental sustainability are likely to purchase such cars. Secondly, the target customers are segmented or targeted on the basis of the psychographic profile which comprises of factor such as lifestyle, values, interest, etc. On the basis of lifestyle, the people who are of upper class and have a more luxurious lifestyle are more likely to be the target customers (Lee and Lovellette, 2011). On the basis of interest and values, the individuals who possess a certain kind of responsibility towards the environment and its sustainability can be the targeted customer group of Tesla Motor cars based on the newly developed BEV technology. These set of individuals believe in purchasing those automobiles which does not pose any kind of threat to their living environment and are more responsible in saving the resources of the nation. From the interest factor, the individuals who have higher attraction towards the battery based electric vehicles are also the targeted customers of Tesla for the newly developed cars (Hardman, Shiu and Steinberger-Wilckens, 2015). Pricing Positioning Strategy For the brand positioning of Tesla of the new technology and innovative products of Tesla Motors of using BEV, the company carry some specific and unique characteristics comprising of eco-friendly, attractive, reliable and high-tech. With all such features of the newly launched cars of Tesla, there can be positioning of the Battery electric vehicles and the products can be targeted on the basis of positioning the products on the basis of segment of the individuals who have faith on the well-being as well as futuristic approach. In order to have positioning of Tesla as the first mover or the initiator of the electric vehicle manufacturers, there is required to have extensive media coverage so that there can be strengthening of the public associations, indulging in environmentally practices and following the federal guidelines. All these will support Tesla in positioning the brand by the means of the strong media coverage and high word of mouth as well as by saving the cost of advertis ements (Mohr, Sengupta and Slater, 2009). To have effective positioning there is also essential that the team members must have their participation in these superior electric vehicles; various land exclusive magazines as well as to have launch pf exclusive magazines. For achieving this position, there is a need to have effective pricing strategies for supporting the business. The pricing of the new technology cars of Tesla based on the BEVs will be high and premium only. In present time, there is not much demand of such products and because of this reason the company have to keep the prices high so that they can also earn from those products. But once the demand will high and the cost of production low, the prices can be little minimized so that these can be easily affordable by larger customer base (Rimmer, 2014). To have an increased customer base and extended market share, there is a need to have effective and strong distribution plan Tesla being one of the most recognized brand in the automobile industry will also take use of a robust and efficient distribution plan for its new technology based products to attract a higher customer base and gain increased market share (Vynakov, Savolova and Skrynnyk, 2016). The distribution plan or strategy used by Tesla is very much different in comparison with other automobile companies such as General Motors, Fiat Chrysler, Ford, etc. as Tesla does not work upon a distribution strategy based on a dealer network. There is a differential distribution plan used by Tesla. The first most differentiated strategy in the distribution plan is selling cars through the company owned stores. There are a total of 17 stores of Tesla Motors across the world for selling its cars. For having a strong distribution network, Tesla open its stores on those places where there is high number of visits by the people on a regular and continuous basis so that the there can be better attention gained from the potential customers (Karamitsios, 2013). There is another key benefit of these company owned stores i.e. the interaction with the potential customers which helps in solving the queries and questions of the customers and influence them in making a purchase of the product. The second key distribution strategy in the distribution plan is the online sales (Ramsey, 2015). In this, the buyers or the customers can purchase the car online without visiting the stores and any of the dealers. It offers a good accessibility to the customers to the cars newly launched and also reduces the issues because of the regional based demographic factors in purchasing the cars. The third and one of the potential distribution strategies of Tesla is test drives. The company offers its potential customers with the option of test drives so that it can help Tesla in getting a customer contact point as well as in developing the interest of the potential customers (Van den Steen, 2015). To attract the potential customers and to have upsurge sales of the newly launched cars of Tesla, there will also be used a number of offers or promotional offers to attract the customers. The offer includes free trials i.e. the free of cost test drives to the buyers so that they can satisfy themselves by resting the quality of the car and can make a decision of purchases. The other offers include money-back guarantees such as in the one month of purchase, if the customers face any kind of difficulty in the parts of the car or any other technical or operational issue, then there will be an offer of guaranteed money return so that the customers can be retained and can purchase a new product instead of switching to any other brand. There will also be discount offers which will be given on First come first serve basis as the first 500 customers will get a special discount of additional ten percent. Such offer helps in making the sales fast and developing the interest of the buyers as th ey are required to pay less for the product. These offers are used by Tesla for retaining the existing customers as well as to regularly fetch the attention of the new customers. Such offers will help Tesla in generating measures which will support in fetching short terms ales benefit and having a good customer base in the initial level of the marketing and distribution of the products (Crane, 2014). Marketing Materials In order to have effective and increased sales of the Battery Electric Vehicles, there is a need that Tesla must take effective use of the marketing channels for communicating marketing messages and have increased brand visibility in the consumer market. There are number of marketing materials which will be used by Tesla for educating the targeted customers regarding the benefits and the advantages of the newly designed BEVs over other various available options as well as to convince and influence the customers that these features of the products will effectively meet the needs of the customers (Mariasiu, 2012). The marketing material which will be used by Tesla Motors will comprise of catalogues, business cards, media kit, print brochures and website. There will be used catalogues by Tesla in which all details and description of the products will be mentioned so that the potential customers can fetch the information from those catalogues and can also finalize the colour and design b y comparing different models. The one of the most effective and adequate marketing material is thee companys website itself (Jugenheimer, et al., 2014). Tesla will post all the info and various new details on the websites so that the customers can be aware of the offerings of Tesla and its new technological initiatives of BEVs. The website of the organisation is the best source of attracting customers and making them aware of the products to be launched in the market. The strong media coverage in the forms of videos, news, articles, blogs, etc. are also some of the best possible marketing materials under media kit for having more potential customers and to have a strong visibility in the market. With such media related aspect, more number of people can have better and improved attention towards the product (Adn and Barray, 2008). Marketing Promotions Strategy For any business and new product, there is a need to have effective marketing and promotional strategies for achieving effective sales and customer base. Unlike others, Tesla does not spend huge capital or money on running various ad campaigns rather Tesla will take use of a standardized practice towards the promotion and advertisement for reaching an extended customer base in various countries. For the promotion of the newly launched BEVs, Tesla will be using conferences and special events for the marketing of the unique features of the cars. The company will take use of public relations as one of its promotional marketing strategies as strengthening the public relations will help in having a reliable and strong customer base through word of mouth publicity and strong media coverage and advertisements (De Mooij, 2013). The company will also take use of a number of other techniques including event marketing, online advertising, press releases, trade show marketing and the television advertisements for reaching the target customers (Rodrigues, et al., 2015). There are number of social media platforms by which Tesla can perform online advertising such as Twitter, Facebook, etc. The individuals have an increased presence on these social media platforms and it can become one of the best ways to fetch the attention of the customers. The other way of covering extensive number of customer base is television advertisements. Tesla can have advertisements on television featuring the unique characteristics of the cars and developing interest of the masses. All these marketing and promotional techniques will help in getting a larger market share and customer base (Moritz, et al., 2015). To have a better expansion in the global market and the overseas regions, there is a need to have better partnerships and joint ventures so that there can be effective sales and customer base in the overseas regions. Tesla will take use of joint venture and partnership both to have successful sales in the foreign countries. Tesla will have a joint venture with automobile companies present in the overseas countries so that there distribution and acquisition of the customers can be easy. There are number of benefits of using joint venture as a technique to enter the overseas markets as joint ventures help in developing a good brand image as the existing organisations already have an established name and brand recognition which can help Tesla in gaining a number of customers. With the help of the partnerships with the existing companies, there can be developed synergy as there can be a combined use of technologies which will help the company in having pioneering and innovative use of te chnologies in the manufacturing of the products (Czinkota and Ronkainen, 2013). Thus, Tesla can have a number of competitive benefits and advantages through joint venturing and partnership with the existing companies in the foreign countries. The distribution network also strengthens and expands through these partnerships and there is generation of improved sales. Financial Projections Following are the new products of Tesla which will be offered by the company based on its newly emerged technology based on BEVs. Product BEV Models Timeline Model Competition Summary Tesla 1 Yes(Hydrogen based) 2018 Range Priced at $59000 Range: 300 with single refueling that take around 5 minutes 8 year/100,000 miles warranty A seating capacity of four passengers Tesla 2 Yes 2019 I0 Price-$50000 to $60000, A seating capacity of five passengers Range of 200 miles from a single charge Tesla 3 Yes 2020 Mission Y Four wheel steering Estimated price similar to Tesla's model S Range: 310 miles per charge Tesla 4 Yes 2019 FX15 Price$300,000- $500,000 Powered: hydrogen fueled BEV engine (Vynakov, Savolova and Skrynnyk 2016) On the basis of these product offerings, the marketing expenses and the promotional expenses following is the financial projection: Marketing Expense Budget (In Billion) 2017-2018 2018-2019 2019-2020 Advertising and Promotion $90 $80 $80 Other (Marketing activities) $20 $25 $25 Other Expenses $0 $0 $0 ------------ ------------ ------------ Total Sales and Marketing Expenses $110 $105 $105 The company will have all these expenditure to gain a strong market share as well as sales in the domestic as well as the international markets. The targeted sales in units are estimated 500,000 in a combined view of all the four models (Ramsey, 2015). Conclusion From this paper, it can be concluded that there is an efficient need of the electricity based vehicles that are run through batteries in the present time so that the negative impact posed on eth environment acne b reduced. And thus, the intuitive of Tesla of BEVs cars can be an effective step in earning a strong market share and increased environments sustainability. The report concludes that with effective marketing strategies and implementation plan and correct financial projections there acne b gained huge revenues by Tesla as well as can also take benefit of first mover advantage with such new technology and eco-friendly cars. References Adn, E., Barray, A. (2008). Go Green in the Automotive Industry: Open and Networked Innovation applied by Tesla Motors and Renault. Berdichevsky, G., Kelty, K., Straubel, J. B., Toomre, E. (2006). The tesla roadster battery system.Tesla Motors,1(5). Botsford, C., Szczepanek, A. (2009, May). Fast charging vs. slow charging: Pros and cons for the new age of electric vehicles. InInternational Battery Hybrid Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Symposium. Chen, Y., Perez, Y. (2015). Business model design: lessons learned from Tesla Motors. InGERPISA International Conference. Crane, D. A. (2014). Tesla and the car dealers lobby. Czinkota, M. R., Ronkainen, I. A. (2013).International marketing. Cengage Learning. De Mooij, M. (2013).Global marketing and advertising: Understanding cultural paradoxes. Sage Publications. Hardman, S., Shiu, E., Steinberger-Wilckens, R. (2015). Changing the fate of Fuel Cell Vehicles: Can lessons be learnt from Tesla Motors?.international journal of hydrogen energy,40(4), 1625-1638. Jugenheimer, D. W., Kelley, L. D., Hudson, J., Bradley, S. D. (2014).Advertising and public relations research. ME Sharpe. Karamitsios, A. (2013). Open innovation in EVs: A case study of Tesla Motors. Lee, H., Lovellette, G. (2011). Will electric cars transform the US market?. Mangram, M. E. (2012). The globalization of Tesla Motors: a strategic marketing plan analysis.Journal of Strategic Marketing,20(4), 289-312. Mariasiu, F. (2012). Energy sources management and future automotive technologies: Environmental impact.International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy,2(4), 342. Masoum, A. S., Deilami, S., Moses, P. S., Abu-Siada, A. (2010, October). Impacts of battery charging rates of plug-in electric vehicle on smart grid distribution systems. InInnovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Europe (ISGT Europe), 2010 IEEE PES(pp. 1-6). IEEE. Mohr, J. J., Sengupta, S., Slater, S. F. (2009).Marketing of high-technology products and innovations. Pearson Prentice Hall. Moritz, M., Redlich, T., Krenz, P., Buxbaum-Conradi, S., Wulfsberg, J. P. (2015, August). Tesla Motors, Inc.: Pioneer towards a new strategic approach in the automobile industry along the open source movement?. In Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), 2015 Portland International Conference on(pp. 85-92). IEEE. Moses, P. S., Deilami, S., Masoum, A. S., Masoum, M. A. (2010, October). Power quality of smart grids with plug-in electric vehicles considering battery charging profile. InInnovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Europe (ISGT Europe), 2010 IEEE PES(pp. 1-7). IEEE. Nykvist, B., Nilsson, M. (2015). Rapidly falling costs of battery packs for electric vehicles.Nature Climate Change,5(4), 329-332. O'Hara , M. (2015). Understanding Tesla Motors Marketing Strategy. Retrieved on: 27th October, 2017. Retrieved from: https://marketrealist.com/2015/09/understanding-tesla-motors-marketing-strategy/ Orbach, Y., Fruchter, G. E. (2011). Forecasting sales and product evolution: The case of the hybrid/electric car.Technological Forecasting and Social Change,78(7), 1210-1226. Ramsey, M. I. K. E. (2015). Tesla to upgrade cars through the Internet.The Wall Street Journal. Rimmer, M. (2014). Tesla Motors: Intellectual Property, Open Innovation, and the Carbon Crisis.The Australian National University College of Law, Canberra. Rodrigues, S., Faria, F., Ivaki, A., Caffo, N., Chen, X., Dias, M. (2015). The Tesla Powerwall: Does it bring something new? A Market Analysis.Proceedings of the Engineering Technology, Computer, Basic Applied Sciences (ECBA-2015), Bangkok, Thailand, 9-10. Van den Steen, E. (2015).Tesla Motors. Harvard Business School Publishing. Vynakov, O. F., Savolova, E. V., Skrynnyk, A. I. (2016). Modern electric cars of Tesla Motors company. ? -,8(2), 9-18.

Outreach program free essay sample

To our parents, who offered us their unconditional love and support. To our teachers, who shared with us their knowledge and skills. To the children of the Pilot Elementary School, who made the Outreach Program memorable. To our school, who supported and implemented this program. And above all, to our Almighty God who has given as everything in life. PLEDGE OF LOYALTY We, the   Economics 1st year student, do hereby Solemnly pledge to be ever faithful to God, to our country and to our school. We promise to develop ourselves to be mature and genuine citizens of the country everyday in our lives. We will aspire to actualize the gift of life so that we could be of greater service to our fellowmen. In all our thoughts, decisions and actions, we will seek the glory of the Lord. So help me God. INTRODUCTION A child is a child. They want toys, gifts, surprises, foods and everything that give them satisfaction but, they need love from all people around them , love from God, and love from their family. We will write a custom essay sample on Outreach program or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They need happiness that give way to their success and care from those people that they love. The reason why we are doing this is to give their happiness. Happiness moments that could be so memorable and unforgetable to them. In just a simple things weve done we want to see them smile nor to laugh. We want them to realize that eventhough they are a little child they can give happiness to everyone. Our personal intent here is to help them to build their courage and hope in order to face the future, the reality of life, that not all the time there is happiness, sometimes problems and stragles may occur in their lives to give strength to acheive their goals. People can search for their happiness but me, I didnt search it Im just enjoying what ive done thats why it gives happiness to me. The outreach program taught us a lot of good things: contentment with what we have, responsibility and discipline in doing tasks, humility towards those who have less, generosity to those who are in need, hopefulness to what God will give us and gratefulness towards God’s gift to us. The whole outreach experience was nothing new to me but surprisingly, every moment came as a new experience. It was enlightening moment for me, realizing what was beyond the small world that I live in. My eyes were opened to the harsh realities of life. I really learned a lot in this wonderful outreach program. And I though to myself.

The Problems of identity †political, geographical, personal, sexual in Modern Novels †Essay

The Problems of identity – political, geographical, personal, sexual in Modern Novels – Essay Free Online Research Papers Modern literature has, inevitably, one of its strongest foundations in the problem of identity. Another inhuman World War, increasingly claustrophobic cities, alienating industrial developments all take their toll on a human race that, heir to Freud and Bergson, has just begun to view itself as a group of individuals. Suddenly different and alone, in contrast with everybody else, but most of all with the crushing society which doesn’t allow such differences to prosper and thrive – this is the condition of the modern man. Many find in art a sanctuary, an outlet for individual ‘EXPRESSION (†¦) thru the smog of Blakean-satanic war mills and noise of electric sighs and spears which is twentieth century mass communication.’ Literature, for them, becomes a way for the ‘individual hand’ to create something unique, extraordinary, which would raise it above the invisible hand of cold utilitarian power. A good example of ‘them’ are the poets of the Beat Generation – where ‘beat means beatific short for beatific vision, you know, the highest vision you can get.’ Not all who confront themselves with the problem of identity do so with such optimism, however. Not all authors, proud of their strong individuality, seek to reconcile it with the rest of the world. There are others who find it hard to reconcile even with themselves. These end up creating conflicted characters, and setting them on a path of self-discovery, in the hope that this will help them along their own. In this sense, Burgess’ A Clockwork Orange could be described as a formative novel. Alex is an adolescent searching for himself. Initially, he doesn’t think this necessary; he’s a lad who ‘enjoys leadership and life,’ unbound by regulations (a-lex: in Latin, without law, so untamed, barbaric) and untroubled by ethical doubt. In this sense we may call him innocent. The question of Alex’s innocence is an interesting one. Is it something which Alex loses or gains by the end of the book? On one hand, he acquires a purity which he has never had during his boyhood. But on the other hand, the process of ‘growing up’ is one that is traditionally associated with the loss, rather than with the gain, of innocence. I believe this is true for Alex also: his true innocence has nothing to do with morals, and is lost forever together with his youth. Here innocence is a synonym for unconditioned youthful instinct. And instinct, being the most natural part of ourselves, is the truest form of identity. Identity is all about choice, about feeling a desire instinctively and making conscious choices in order to fulfil that desire. But Alex’s growing up isn’t a matter of choice. There’s no active decision, no ‘what’s it gonna be then, eh?’ – it’s just something which seems to happen naturally, we are not told why or how. Does that mean that conformity is something inevitable? Quite possibly; certainly civilized society encourages it. Maybe this is because Hobbes was right in defining the natural state of things as that of ‘such a war that is of every man against every man,’ and the abolition of identity and choice is indeed a necessary condition for the survival of the species. After all, Alex’s ‘viciousness is embarked on in full awareness;’ he is an ‘inimicus generis humans’ by choice: in the end, ‘moral evil is always a matter of human free will.’ But an existence without the possibility to exert free will wouldn’t be life, merely – it has already been said survival. Is ‘merely survival’ even desirable? Survival isn’t life; it lacks life’s soul. And to deny the soul degrades man into a â€Å"clockwork orange† – a structure seemingly organic but actually automatically directed. (†¦) The freedom of the will is thus to be placed above the freedom from robbery, rape, maiming and death. (†¦) all misdeeds, however ghastly, are to be judged more leniently than a deed that impairs the freedom of a human soul to commit just such misdeeds: â€Å"when a man cannot choose he ceases to be a man.† This is why we have no choice but to empathize with Alex, and feel sorry for him when he suffers, and care about him even though we are shocked by the monstrosity of his actions. Burgess says of his controversial creature that ‘there is a duty of loving – not liking – this character, because he is a human being.’ He is more human than his torturers, who are cold-bloodedly willing to sacrifice someone else’s freedom for the sake of peace and quiet. Or rather, for an appearance of peace and quiet: the thugs employed by the government to keep order are no different from the thugs who wish to disrupt it – in fact, there’s a fair amount of intermingling between the two, with an old friend and an old enemy of Alex both ending up as under-trained and over-violent police officers. Also the ‘good’ Alex, the puppet of the government, is all appearance, no more than an empty shell; for surely ‘no one would call a man just who d id not enjoy acting justly.’ So if we had to take sides, we would be sure to take Alex’s, because he is true to himself. And we do have to take sides. Alex is forever forcing us to participate in what he thinks and feels, not only by his manner of addressing us but indeed by the fact that he is addressing us at all: he is ‘Our Humble Narrator,’ ‘our little Alex,’ and we are his ‘brothers.’ This very deliberate choice of narrative mode creates right from the start a bond between the character and his readers, who are expected to be on his side no matter what he does. This bond is taken further by the active part we are asked to play in order to decipher the ‘Joyceanly queer’ way Alex chooses to speak us. ‘Nadsat’ is the slang of teens, the linguistic revolt (alexia, in Latin: without language, so wild and instinctive) of kids who adopt Slav propaganda terminology more because it bothers adults than for any particular political reason. Aft er having found the first page incomprehensible, we start paying attention to repetitions, to the relationship between words, and we soon come to understand Alex. This enhanced attention makes us more vulnerable to what he is telling us. So before we know it, we end up admitting that an individual murderer might be better than the soulless sheep he distinguishes himself from; accepting that having a wicked soul might be better than having none at all. Wilde would say that, whatever one’s soul is like, ‘the aim of life is self-development. To realize one’s own nature perfectly – that is what each of us are here for.’ This definition of ‘self-development’ from The Picture of Dorian Gray has, indeed, more in common with the Alex of the beginning, the one ever indulging in perverse pleasures, rather than with the grown-up man of the ending. The former Alex is truly an aesthete: he is an cultured young man who idolizes Beethoven; he loves blood only when it doesn’t stain his clothes ‘in the height of nadsat fashion;’ and he is, in spite of everything, very charming and attractive – just as Wilde’s despicable Dorian was charming and attractive. ‘The more things become computerized and predictable, the more does crime acquire glamour as the last refuge of individuality’ – and the younger Alex embodies this. But which of the two Alexes is the true one, remains an open question: Alex, the hero and narrator, is the one character who matters; (†¦) his fate contains a message. There is disagreement on what the message is. On the other hand, there is not much divergence of opinion on what the message of Ginsberg’s Howl is. His poetry is one of public and open revolt, and therefore has a straightforward approach. Burgess lacks this because he is struggling in private, trying to come to terms with the attack suffered by his wife at the hands of three G. I. deserters, an ordeal which haunted his life. Clockwork represents for Burgess ‘an act of catharsis and an act of charity.’ He gives Alex a complex personality, burdens him with passions, and eventually feelings and a conscience, because he’s desperate to understand and forgive. He was no doubt also made desperate by his own attempt to make the people behind these actions, through Alex, almost human. On one hand, there was in him the necessity to comprehend in order to move on; on the other, the guilt felt for trying so hard to comprehend something so terrible. It is in this sense that the conflict of identity exists not onl y within the character, but also within the author. With Ginsberg, the conflict is not internal at all. His angry ‘howl’ is not directed at himself (on the contrary, he accepts and embraces every aspect of his being with rare conviction), but at the rest of the world. Ginsberg’s identity is not torn apart inside, but from the reality outside, in which he feels he has no place. It is the reality of a shattered America, although obviously not in a literal sense: the America of Ginsberg is powerful, blooming with industry – which is precisely what disturbs Ginsberg. He feels his country is going astray. Trying to redirect America is the Beats’ mission in life. Ginsberg in particular feels his vatic role very strongly – you can ‘call him a guru if you like, for guru is merely Timespeak for â€Å"teacher.†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ His own guru, or ‘lonely old courage teacher,’ is Whitman. Ginsberg chooses him as his spiritual mentor because he identifies with his outspoken homosexuality and profound patriotism. Ginsberg is positively enamoured of his country, and for this reason it pains him to see the state it is in. He thinks wishfully of the America prophesized by Whitman, a mythical nation of heroes, and wants to understand where that great plan has gone wrong. All he can see is a sexless soulless America (†¦). Not the wild beautiful America of the comrades of Walt Whitman, not the historic America of William Blake and Henry David Thoreau where the spiritual independence of each individual was America, a universe, more huge awesome than all the abstract bureaucracies and authoritative officialdoms of the world combined. The way he sees it, the American dream has utterly failed: people don’t live as ‘comrades,’ and even wars aren’t heroic anymore – there was honour in the fight for freedom of the Civil War, but there is none in building atom bombs. ‘Go fuck yourself with your atom bomb’ is Ginsberg’s very clear position on that. He states it, as usual, in a language calculated to shock. It expresses his exasperation, and hopes to shake the drowsy consciousness of his fellow Americans, who passively accept the serialization, and sterilization imposed from above: in such a well-mannered, orderly society there’s space only for alienation. This is a concept taken straight for Communist theory (‘America I used to be a communist when I was a kid I’m not sorry’ ), the standard first refuge for discontented youth. This idea of alienation, intertwined with that of industrial labour, runs also through Clockwork, especially through the novel within the novel. F. Alexander’s work denounces the depersonalization that turns human beings into ‘clockwork oranges,’ soulless things which only look like human beings. Ginsberg’s intent is the same. The image of Moloch, the ‘sphinx of cement and aluminium’ which reduces people to larvae by eating ‘up their brains and imaginations’, is constantly evocated in the second part of Howl. Ginsberg modernizes the biblical horror whom the idolatrous Israelites offered children to, turning him into the terrible buildings to which the innocence of his America is continually sacrificed: factories, banks, prisons, office blocks, skyscrapers, lunatic asylums represent all that Ginsberg stands against. The constant references to grey, enclosed spaces contrast the vast open spaces roamed by the free men of Walt Whitma n’s nation. The intellectual elite dismissed Ginsberg and the movement as a bunch of ‘know-nothing bohemians.’ But Ginsberg felt he knew a great deal about a lot of things. He considered himself ‘a sort of self-appointed shaman – intense, voluble, irascible, and he was obviously convinced of the holiness of his mission as a poet.’ That of holiness is another recurring theme. It pervades the ‘Footnote to Howl’ like a ray of hope. I don’t believe that Ginsberg’s Howl is a howl of defeat. Later in the book, small but grand, hope rises again several times, always in the shape of flowers. The most significant example among them is I think that of the sunflower – and Ginsberg must think so too, since he chooses that sunflower as his ‘scepter.’ At first, the elegy for the ‘poor dead flower’ seems final; there’s a feeling that nothing can be done (‘when did you look at your skin and/decide you were an impotent dirty old locomo-/tive? the ghost of a locomotive?’ ), and a sense of anguish. But then, Ginsberg changes his tone, one can almost hear his voice trembling with emotion as he assures his new dead friend that it was ‘never no locomotive,’ and he starts his touching sermon ‘to my soul, and Jack’s soul/too, and anyone who’ll listen.’ He recognizes no sign of defeat in the ‘dead grey shadow’ of the sunflower, which held onto its ‘battered crown’ until the very end, when it exhaled with dignity, like a true king. The hope Ginsberg is giving his audience is that ‘we’re all beautiful golden sunflowers inside,’ that we too can make something special out of our time here, and die peacefully at the end of it, knowing that we didn’t give in to the system. I believe this sentiment runs through Clockwork as well, if somewhat less explicitly: the fundamental importance of being always true to oneself becomes apparent to the reader who witnessed Alex having that self taken away from him. Change, we discover through the eyes of Burgess’ young hero, is a vital part of the self, but only if it comes from within – coming from the outside, it is nothing more than an attack to the ‘integrity of the soul.’ BIBLIOGRAPHY Primary Sources A. Burgess, A Clockwork Orange (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 2001) A. Ginsberg, Howl (San Francisco: City Lights, 1956) Secondary Sources BOOKS A. Ginsberg, Journals Mid-Fifties: 1954-1958; edited b G. Ball (New York: Harper Perennial, 1995) A. Ginsberg, Deliberate Prose: Selected Essays 1952-1995; edited by B. Morgan. (Perennial, 2000) The Bible, King James Version. M. K. Booker, The Dystopian Impulse in Modern Literature: Fiction as Social Criticism (Greenwood, Westport, Connecticut, 1994) B. Cook, The Beat Generation (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1971) A. Crowcroft, The Psychotic: Understanding Madness (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1971) P. E. Devine, The Ethics of Homicide (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1978) R. D. Erlich, Clockwork Worlds: Mechanized Environments in SF (Greenwood, Westport, Connecticut, 1983) R. K. Martin, The Homosexual Tradition in American Poetry (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979) D. Moshman, Adolescent Psychological Development: Rationality, Morality, and Identity (London: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2005) P. Portugà ©s, The Visionary Poetics of Allen Ginsberg (Santa Barbara: Ross-Erikson Publishers, 1978) J. Stout, The Flight from Authority: Religion, Morality, and the Quest for Autonomy (London: University of Notre Dame Press, 1998) EDITIONS N. Page (ed.), Oscar Wilde: The Picture of Dorian Gray (Peterborough, Ontario, Canada: Broadview Press, 1998) ARTICLES, CHAPTERS, AND SECTIONS Aristotle, ‘Nicomachean Ethics’, in Perry, J. M. Bratman (eds.), Introduction to Philosophy: Classical and Contemporary Readings (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), pp. 564-579 M. Cooke, ‘An Evil Heart: Moral Evil and Moral Identity’, in M. P. Lara (ed.), Rethinking Evil (Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press, 2001), pp. 113-130 R. Plank, ‘The Place of Evil in Science Fiction’, in Extrapolation, Vol. 14, No. 2 (May 1973), pp. 100-111. WEB PAGES T. Hobbes, ‘Of the Natural Condition of Mankind Concerning their Felicity and Misery’, in T. Hobbes, Leviathan (constitution.org/th/leviatha.tx), accessed 13 November 2005. N. Cassady, in The Blacklisted Journalist, ‘The Beat Papers of Al Aronowitz, Chapter 3: Dean Moriarty (Annotated by Jack Kerouac)’ (bigmagic.com/pages/blackj/column23.html), accessed 11th January 2006. Research Papers on The Problems of identity – political, geographical, personal, sexual in Modern Novels - EssayBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementBringing Democracy to Africa19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionHip-Hop is ArtCapital PunishmentMind TravelHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Essay

How Close to the ACT Should You Take a Practice Test

How Close to the ACT Should You Take a Practice Test SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips It’s extremely important to take full-length practice tests under realistic conditions when studying for the ACT. However, you need to make sure you’re getting the full benefit by spacing out the practice tests correctly. In this article, we'll discuss both the earliest and the latest you should consider taking full ACT practice tests. feature image credit: Smell!/used under CC BY 2.0/Cropped from original How Early Should You Take A Practice Test? There really isn’t any harm that can come out of taking a practice test long before the ACT as long as you’re planning on taking additional practice tests or studying more afterwards. In fact, taking a practice test at the very beginning of your studying is a good idea because it’ll give you an idea of what your current score would be if you took the ACT and what your weak spots are. Ideally, you’ll also take other practice tests over the course of your studying to assess your progress and determine if your studying is making a difference. If you’re only planning on taking one practice test before the real test, just to familiarize yourself with the format and instructions, then the earliest we recommend taking it is seven to eight days before your test; any earlier and you’ll start to forget things, cancelling out any value taking the practice test might have had for you. Again, this seven to eight day recommendation is assuming you’re only taking one practice test without any further studying; if you are planning on studying after taking your first practice test and taking more practice tests, then the next section of this article is more relevant for you. How Late Can You Take an ACT Practice Test? While taking realistic practice tests is an important part of ACT preparation, you don’t want to take a practice test too close to the test or it might have a bad effect on your morale (and, consequently, on your test score). If you do well on the practice test, it might artificially boost your self-confidence and cause you to make careless errors on the real test if you think you can just coast through. On the other hand, if you do poorly, it will just make you more stressed and anxious without giving you time to address those anxieties through studying, which in turn might cause you to second guess yourself and run out off time on the real test. 020/Used under CC BY 2.0/Cropped from original. Don't let this be you on test day! The latest that you take a practice test, therefore, should be the amount of time before the test that still allows you time to review your wrong answers and do some practice drills of questions you struggle with. When exactly this is will vary from student to student, but in general, we recommend taking your last practice test no fewer than two to three days before your scheduled test date. That means that if you’re taking a test on Saturday, the last full-length realistic practice test you take should be on Wednesday or Thursday of that week. It's important to keep in mind, however, that taking a full-length practice test with realistic timing is difficult on a schoolnight; plus, you don’t get the benefits of taking the test in the morning (and getting a realistic idea of what it’ll feel like to take the test early in the day). The Saturday or Sunday before the test, then, is the last chance you have to take a fully realistic practice test. Monday-Thursday before the test, you can try taking a full test or taking it section by section with a few sections grouped together, but be wary of unrealistic conditions because you're taking it in the evening and not all at once. An hour or so of practice is helpful the day before the test, as is(for non-anxious test-takers) doing a couple of practice questions before the test. What’s Next? Now that you know when to take ACT practice tests, where can you find them? Try our massive collection of online ACT practice tests, or just go straight to our collection of free printable ACT Practice Test PDFs. Looking to invest in a book for ACT prep? Read through our rundown of the best ACT prep books here. Want to complement your collection of ACT practice tests with some sample ACT questions? We have a list of great alternative sources of ACT prep material. Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points? Check out our best-in-class online ACT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your ACT score by 4 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes your prep program to your strengths and weaknesses. We also have expert instructors who can grade every one of your practice ACT essays, giving feedback on how to improve your score. Check out our 5-day free trial:

A bona fide occupational qualification Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A bona fide occupational qualification - Essay Example Accounting office seeks attractive female for receptionist position. While most clients might like an attractive female to be the receptionist, it is not a bona fide occupational qualification. Being female and attractive does not directly pertain to the position. Flight attendants wanted. Must meet height and weight requirements. This is also not a bona fide occupational qualification. If the ad would have said something like ‘must be able to remain on feet for 8 hours’ that would have been a BFOQ qualification. Height and weight should not matter for most applicants. Theater audition: Young, black male actor to portray Malcolm X in play. This is a BFOQ because it calls for a representation of a black male. Catholic school seeks 10th-grade science teacher. Must be Catholic. This is a BFOQ because religious schools are allowed to express their religion through their teachers. Designer taking applications for runway models. Must be at least 6 feet tall and weigh less than 125 pounds. This is a BFOQ because a designer can be looking for a certain type of model to wear their clothes. Assembly line worker wanted. Must have high school diploma. This is a BFOQ because most jobs require a high school diploma for maturity, safety, and knowledge in order to complete the job. Chinese restaurant seeks waitperson. Must be native speaker of Mandarin Chinese.

The Nature of Computing. Why Programming Paradigms and Languages Essay

The Nature of Computing. Why Programming Paradigms and Languages - Essay Example This paper presents a detailed overview of computer programming languages. This paper will discuss the evolution of computer programming languages, change in a diversity of languages and explore how languages such as Python, Perl, Ruby and C# emerged as a convergence of previous languages. Introduction to Programming and Programming Languages The computer programming is the process of writing the computer programs (also called software applications) to solve different kind of problems as well as to manage different processes of the computer. In fact, a computer is useless without a computer program. In addition, a computer program is written after understanding the problem. In this scenario, we must be clear about the processing steps to be performed by a computer. It means that we must understand the logic of the program before writing a program; we must learn how to plan the theoretical framework of the program. Basically, the program instructions are written in such a way that the computer can follow the program instructions in the correct sequence to solve the problem productively. Hence, in order to write an accurate (or successful) program, the programmer must write the program instructions in an accurate order. On the other hand, if the program instructions are not written in a correct sequence, then the result of the program will be wrong. Thus, the computer programs must be planned before they are written into the computer (Shelly et al., 2005; Norton, 2001). Moreover, the programming languages are used to prepare computer programs or software applications. Early computer programs were written straightforwardly in machine language for instance in binary code. Additionally, it was very difficult to write programs in machine code. However, at the present, a wide variety of the programming languages are available for writing different types of programs. In addition, each programming language has its own rules for witting the programs, which need to be fol lowed in order to get accurate results. For instance, FORTRAN is used for scientific purposes, ADA for defense applications, COBOL for business solutions, etc. (Shelly et al., 2005; Norton, 2001). In simple words, the computer programming is an art of writing instructions and problem solving for a computer. However, the standards of programming are independent of the computer programming language utilized. Moreover, different programming languages have different weaknesses and strengths, making different types of programs difficult or much easier to write, however the fundamental theories remain the same regardless of language (Nasir, 1996; Tatum, 2012). Programming Diversities The computer programming languages are divided into two categories: system programming and application programming. The system programming is mainly concerned with the use of a computer system. On the other hand, the application programming deals with the computer programs which are directly utilized by many people. In addition, the application programming paradigm is further divided into more categories such as (Milo, 2007) Scientific programming Business programming Web-based programming Businesses programming Personal or home programming Game programming Embedded systems programming History of Programming Language Generations This section outlines the history of programming in the form of programming langu

Sample of Detailed Job Description of Health Care Assistant Essay Example for Free

Sample of Detailed Job Description of Health Care Assistant Essay In the morning the role of the Healthcare Assistant is to assist the Nursing Staff in the delivery of Patients care , under the supervision of Clinical Nurse Manager and Staff Nurse. Before handling the clients Health Care Assistant under Inspection and Prevention Control by Washing or Disinfecting hands must be follow. Health Care Assistant will assist the client during bathing, showering, shaving, dressing and undressing in bed and in the bathroom under the supervision of the Nurse. Privacy and Dignity must be respected and full Independence are implemented in all clients and those not able. Health Care Assistant will help the Nurse to serve clients breakfast and to feed those who are helpless, under the supervision of the Nurse. Privacy and Dignity must taken place and full Independence must be delivered to the clients. Health Care Assistant will follow individual patients dietary needs are adhered including special diets and give supplementary drinks under the direction of the Nursing Staff. Health Care Assistant will assist the Nurse in bed making. Health Care Assistant will collect dirty sheets, duvet covers, bed covers and patients dirty cloths under the guidelines of Linen Management/Disposal put them to their respective laundry bag for porter to be collected. Health Care Assistant will answer bell calls and assist patients who are confined to bed with their toilet needs under the supervision of the Nurse. Health Care Assistant will assist in toileting of patients including the giving, removing and emptying of bedpans, urinals, commodes under the supervision of the Nurse. Health Care Assistant will clean and disinfect bedpans, urinals, commodes, hoist, shower seats and trolleys under the guidelines of Infection control and Prevention. Guidelines of Infection and Prevention control must be follow. Health Care Assistant will tidy bathrooms, sluices and toilets. Mop up spillages on the floors under the guidelines of Waste Management/Disposal. Disposed of soiled linen in water soluble bag securely and seal place it in white canvas bag for transfer to hospital sluicing department. Pack soiled woolens in separate water soluble bags place it in blue plastic bag for laundry. Health Care Assistant will serve dinner to patients at 1 o’clock and feed those are helpless under the supervision of the Nurse. Monitor patients intake to avoid choking. Clean and wash if necessary bed-tables and lockers. Remove rubbish etc. Health Care Assistant will answer call bells and report request to Nursing staff. Health Care Assistant will assist in toileting of patients including the giving, removing and emptying of bedpans, urinals, commodes under the supervision of the Nurse. Always maintain privacy and dignity towards patients. Answer telephone calls and locate appropriate personnel, as required. Health Care Assistant if necessary will assist with the transport of patients in the wards or transfer patients to other departments as required under the supervision of the Line Manager or Nurse in Charge. Health Care Assistant during Admission, transfer or discharge list patients property under the supervision of the nurse in charge. Health Care Assistant will serve tea and feed those who are helpless. Health Care Assistant will assist the patients back to bed under the supervision of the Nurse. Always maintain privacy,dignity and respect to patients. Remember, patients has the right to refuse. Remove uniform and disinfect hands before leaving the ward. 2/2 As a night Healthcare Assistant the role is to assist the night Nurse in the delivery of the the Patients care, under the supervision of the night Superintendent. Collect dishes and wash them. Ensure that kitchen are keep tidy and locked at all times. Answer call bells and report request to nurse on duty. Assist patients those who wants to go to the toilet or offer bedpans and commodes to those who needs before bed. Assist patients back to bed. Always maintain privacy, dignity and respect at all times. Remember patients has the right to refuse. Assist patients and ensure that call bells are working properly at patients reach. Ensure all doors and windows are lock and all Fire exit doors are clear with no obstruction. Monitor patients at all times, ensure that patients are in safe and in comfortable way. Emptying and disinfects commodes, urinal bottles and bedpans after use. Be alert at all times. Ensure safety and security of all the patients at night. Answer call bells and report request to nurse on duty. Incontinence patients are more likely to be wet at night.Ensure they are dry at all times. Change pad and linen if necessary under the supervision of the night Nurse on duty. Always maintain privacy, dignity and respect towards patients.

Systemic Lupus Essay -- Health, Diseases

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a fairly common disease identified as episodes of inflammation and damage to joints, tendons, and various organs. The most effected organs are the heart, lungs, brain, kidneys, blood vessels, and skin. Lupus affects each individual differently and the effects could be mild to severe depending on the individual. SLE is an autoimmune disease where the body’s immune system attacks the healthy cells and tissues in the body (Ohio State, 2009). The main cause of lupus is unknown, but there are believed to be many factors that could contribute to lupus. Lupus is believed to be genetic for many individuals (Ohio State, 2009). If a mother has SLE, her daughter has a 1:40 chance of developing lupus, whereas, her son has a 1:250 chance (Leber, 2009). Environmental issues could be present where the cause in the environment is unknown. SLE can also be caused by some medications. The disease may be present while taking the medication, but disappear when the individual stops taking the medication. The majority of people who have lupus are women between late teens to forty-five. Females are affected three to ten times more likely than males (Ohio State, 2009). African American women are more likely to develop lupus than Caucasian women (Leber, 2009). Human leukocyte antigens are a group of genes on chromosome six. The human leukocyte antigens (HLA) associated with lupus is called DR2 and DR3. A person who has these antigens is very likely to develop lupus, but individuals with different antigens may also develop SLE (Ohio State, 2009). There are many symptoms of SLE and will vary from individual to individual with the disease. Some common symptoms are inflammation of the joints, Raynaud’s phenomenon1, m... ...ttempt to treat physical symptoms of SLE as well as the psychological symptoms. HRQoL, disease activity, and disease damage are three different components of lupus and should be measured separately for the most accurate results. Measuring the patient’s quality of life will assist in keeping the patient informed about how the disease is affecting them in their daily lives. HRQoL will vary significantly with each individual and is very important to measure patient’s responses to lupus. Fatigue is a widely influential factor in lupus patients and should be included in quality of life studies (McElhone, 2006). Studies found a role of defensins in the pathogenesis of SLE (Froy, 2009). Although, when SLE involves major organ, the disease can be put into remission with corticosteroids and immunosuppressive therapy, these treatments can cause toxic results (Ntali, 2009).

Planning To Meet The Needs Of Learning

At my place of work – Include, we do not have ILP’s, this is because we run a twenty week, roll on roll off programme and we wouldn’t have the time. We do however set goals, at the start and during monthly reviews, using simplified paperwork.. Our sister company that teach pre- sixteen’s do, and I have looked at these documents to reflect on anything that would be transferable to my teaching and offer improvements.The role of initial and diagnostic assessments is key for producing individual learning goals. It is essential to find out exactly where the student wants to go, why they are wanting qualifications, eg for a particular course at college, and what is realistic bearing in mind their diagnostic assessments. Initially all students are tested using BKSB to find the level they are and what they might achieve with help and teaching from the Functional skills tutor. We carry out Initial Assessments, (A) and Foundation Learning agreements (B) which note c areer progression aims, some objectives, qualifications to be taken, while with us as well as other documentation gathering personal details, health, education and drug and alcohol misuse.Our Initial assessment covers previous learning experiences, learning styles, personal and social skills, health and personal circumstances as well as the support we can provide to help the student reach his goals. We also carry out a monthly review, one of the most important ways we can check how the student is performing, his progress, whether he is on track and more importantly whether he feels he’s learning, achieving his goals, and whether he feels supported in his learning. This review time, is also a time when the student can tell us what he wants and where we and he could improve outcomes.During the review we can find out how the last few weeks lessons have gone, and together we will set SMART targets, and any behavioural problems, late arrivals, not joining in class etc. are address ed and support that would be helpful, worked out together for the next month . We also discuss where he would like to go to work experience and try hard to find the correct match, as this is often a spur to his learning. After goals have been decided and any support worked out the student will sign the review sheet which is filed in their learner file, and a copy is given to the student to refer to each day, to remind them of goals and targets.After the Initial Assessment and reviews, our student profile (C) is updated (weekly) and this is used with our current session plan as a pointer as to how our students need supporting. I also carry out tutorials, usually towards the end of each unit when students discuss and work with me on any any unfinished or not understood criteria, before completing. The two sessions I have chosen, are on Independent Living (D & E). When planning sessions I must be sure that the work I set covers the criteria set by the exam board and balance this with t he needs and understanding of my students. I must also bear in mind my minimum core document.â€Å"The minimum core will support all teachers in developing inclusive approaches to learners with literacy, numeracy and IT needs and raise achievements of learners on their learning programme† LLuk (2007) Obviously I must embed English, numeracy and IT into session planning, bearing in mind that I may well have students as varied in abilities as E1 through to Level 1 or even Level 2. Most of the units I teach are available in E3 or L1, so I will differentiate between the students as to what level they work at As I frequently have a number of foreign students speaking very little English when they join, I must remember to include LA1.3, LA1. 6, LA2. 1 and LA2. 3 & . 4. At the reviews the Functional skills tutors will feed in literacy and numeracy problems and goals to be addressed during the month, these I need to include in my lesson planning eg L needs to develop spelling and pun ctuation skills, so when planning the next lesson, I look to see if I can incorporate something to build on these eg word searches, or reminding him to be careful with punctuation in his writing.The student in the Initial Assessment (A) needs help and support with reading and writing, so a support worker needs to be written into every session plan to help. In many of the units I teach, class participation in discussions are expected and I must express myself clearly LS1 , LS2, LS3, LL1. I must plan my lesson carrying out LR1 & LR2. Embedding numeracy in a non maths lesson can be tricky, but in session (D) researching a flat and tenancy (IT) students had to work out much they would pay out to rent a flat (rent plus deposit etc) and in (E) designed a bedsit, incorporating measurements.Above all when planning a session I must produce a lesson that considers the subject content and criteria, it must be relevant to the students, it must take into consideration, their learning needs and g oals and and help stretch their capabilities. In the new session plan forms we have a section where we can list each students individual needs, and the strategy for helping this. This section concentrates my mind during planning and actual delivery, to remember each students needs and goals. There is also a section for differentiation which again reminds me of each students goals.All the time I am teaching I must not be complacent , but continually improve my practice. This will be done by, talking with students during their review about the months learning, what they feel they have/have not learnt. By asking students to fill in anonymous evaluation forms. Discussions with the class about the units and what they learnt or would like to learn in the future. Listening to my IV’er and her feedback on the students work and on the unit levels, which have passed.Reflecting on my teaching is a very important stage in helping me move my lessons and teaching, forward, it is about bein g more self aware and analysing what happened in my lessons. Schon (1983) suggests â€Å"reflect while you’re doing it† and â€Å"reflect after doing it† I like this straight forward approach. Planning to meet the needs of my learners means I must be continually review my teaching practise, improving on lesson content and find new and different ways of meeting my students needs, raise their self esteem and self worth which in turn helps self regulation and encourages the student to learn in a classroom setting.

Cooking Paper Essay

In the article by Mark Bitten, he makes the agreement that most people can feed themselves a healthy meal at home for less money than a meal from the local fast food establishment. His position is that food cooked at home is more nutritious, better for the environment and better for families in general. I agree with Mark Bitten, Junk food such as McDonald’s which most lower income families have for dinner cause its cheaper instead of having something healthy like broccoli which is less affordable is the problem America is having. All of this junk food is the reason why Americans are so overweight, when in fact hyper processed food remains more expensive than food cooked at home. The government subsidies given to the fast food companies are ridiculous. There are five fast-food restaurants for every super market in the United States. The adjusted inflation price of fresh produce has increased by 40 percent while inconceivable the price of soda and processed food has decreased by as much as 30 percent. There could be hundreds of arguments and statements made about this article but what it comes down to to stop our country from dying is real cultural changes. Cooking at home and making food had to become part of normal life, Americans need to see that McDonald’s is hurting them more then it’s helping them. There addictive behaviors are influencing younger kids to be born into bad habits and start a chain of obesity and eating bad. Efforts are being put into slowly stop this, Grocery stores in California are making things affordable for low income people, Zoning laws are restricting the number of fast food restaurants in certain areas, and there have been several programs to educate and build fresh food areas around America. Personally I have not eaten McDonald’s, Wendy’s or Burger King in 11 years and have made efforts to show how bad there food really is and how harming it is. Hopefully people can see the negative effects Junk food has on American’s and the positive effects cooking food at home it has on American’s and this problem can be resolved so we can live in a better world.

Trains essays

Trains essays Maglev trains may very well be the future of transportation. They are currently being developed in Germany and Japan, and other places around the world, like California in the United States of America, are planning whether getting a maglev train system would be worthwhile. Maglev trains are the fastest, most sensible form of ground transport available at this time, and with the demands of the transport system growing every year, they are bound to become a valuable part of the worlds transportation system. Maglev trains basically work by the simple principle that opposite poles attract, and similar poles repel, but in reality it is much more complex than this. Maglev trains work by gliding over the rails instead of rolling on them, and so do not create any friction on the rails while they are moving. Unlike all other forms of transportation, the system which causes the movement is not in the vehicle itself, but is in the guide way, or rails, beneath the train. These guide ways contain iron stator (a stator is the coil while the magnets is the rotor) packages containing 3-phase cables, and the vehicle is able to levitate when the guide ways attract the support magnets on the train. The train is kept on the rails by lateral guidance magnets which hold the vehicle to the guide way. This system may be compared to an electric motor where the stator has been flattened along the guide way. The train is able to accelerate when the propulsion system is switched on using the cable windi ng. The guide way is able to pull the train along because of the electromagnetic travelling field that is on while the propulsion system is running. The support system of the train is therefore able to become a rotor', which along with the stator, completes the motor'. (MVP Versuchs- un planungsgesellschaft fur Magnerbahnysteme m.b.H., 1999) Because the active part of the propulsion unit is built into the guide way as opp...

GCSE Geography Coursework Help

GCSE Geography Coursework Help GCSE Geography Coursework Help Practically, the whole geography coursework writingis based on argumentation. Arguments which we put for or against coursework thesis statement partly depend for their credibility on the value or significance of the evidence you integrate. To know how significant evidence is, you need a very thorough grasp of the context in which it is presented. Geography coursework writing starts with examination of the topic; this is why you should take so much trouble to establish a context for your coursework at the beginning of writing process. There are, however, two ways in which you should establish the context. One is obviously within a coursework paragraph: the meaning of words should be clear; the coursework paragraph must contain related ideas and it becomes the context for your main points. The other is the context of your primary or secondary sources used for college coursework writing. A simple example is if we cited the work of a researcher (we will call her Wilkinson) and referenced it as follows: (Wilkinson 1989). If we refer to Wilkinson, we are also referring to the context in which her work took place. In other words, we bring a whole package of questionable issues about reliability, relevance and validity of evidence with each reference we use in the process of writing a coursework: Coursework Writing Help Clearly, we cannot question everything forever, but coursework arguments nevertheless depend on the relevance and significance of their supporting evidence. It is determined with the help of asking questions about the reliability of the original coursework context as well as with the analysis of the context appropriateness in which we decide to use the gathered evidence. Did Wilkinson use a valid research method? Were there questionnaires mentioned? If so, what percentage was returned? What were the biases in the questions asked or answers given? Most importantly, does Wilkinson's work really support or deny the point you are trying to make? Who else has produced evidence which conflicts with Wilkinson's research or arguments? Coursework Help offers you an opportunity to order professional GCSE geography coursework help.We are educated and possess years of coursework writing experience. We are never late with delivery and we can help you with writing on any topic. You will not regret using our coursework writing help because you will receive custom written coursework of the highest academic quality. Moreover, we will never deceive you! If you are not satisfied with the final draft of your geography coursework, you may request free and unlimited revisions. Read also: Womens Rights Essay Saving Private Ryan Essay Master Essay Lord of the Flies Essay Literary Essay Hamlet

Should Yahoo have been forced to turn over Justin Ellsworth's email to Essay

Should Yahoo have been forced to turn over Justin Ellsworth's email to his Parents - Essay Example There is a view that the Yahoo management should have acted swiftly and handed over the email documents to the parents of the killed Marine soon after their asking without waiting for the court order. The argument that the Yahoo management should have been forced somehow to comply with the parents’ request without waiting for the court order does not stand logic as it would have itself violated its own privacy agreement in such a case. In declining to accept the parents’ request, Yahoo went purely by the deontological part of the ethics while ignoring the utilitarian part. Utilitarian theory of the ethics requires people to take into consideration the resulting consequences of a particular action (Grunig & White, 1992) on the people or events involved. Yahoo knows better that a utilitarian approach would sometimes lead to problems despite its positive effects. Yahoo must have carefully assessed the positive and Had Yahoo immediately handed over the email contents to the parents when they asked, they would have certainly felt happy and satisfied on that count. This is certainly a positive effect when viewed from the parents’ angle but it would have also produced its negative consequences for the Yahoo Management. In such a case, the company would have violated its own privacy policy of protecting the interests of its email users and attracted criticism. This was clear from the statement of the Yahoo spokeswoman Mary Osako who disclosed that they would abide by the court order and hand over the email contents to Justin’s parents indicating that they would never deviate from their well established privacy policy but would only act on the directions of a court of law (Chambers, 2005). Certainly, Yahoo followed the deontological theories of ethics which emphasize adherence to a stated policy and commitment to rules and regulations. The logic of the deontological

Candidate Cancer Meiosis Genes Literature review

Candidate Cancer Meiosis Genes - Literature review Example Some X-chromosome and non-X-chromosome CTAs expressed in normal cells apart from testis and in cancerous cells Literature Review 1. Introduction Carcinogenesis is a complex and multistage process. Cancer is difficult to treat and it is important to detect it early so that therapeutic and surgical strategies can be developed to treat cancer. However, it often happens that by the time the symptoms of cancer are detected in a person, the disease is already at a late stage and it becomes difficult to treat the person at that time. Also, the cancers do not only vary between tissue types but also between patients. Moreover, the cells in a tumor are a complex and diverse mix of cells that have different characteristics. Hence, identifying, detecting and treating cancer becomes difficult because of the heterogeneous nature of the disease and its symptoms. At this juncture what is needed is that such a technology should be developed through which cancer cells can be easily detected or demarke d with markers that are specific to cancer cells. This will help filter cancerous from noncancerous cells because of which it will become easier to detect cancer from a heterogeneous mix of cells. At the moment, high-quality biomarkers or molecular targets that are specific to cancer cells are lacking. The search for such molecules is thus under high significance in the scientific community. A few molecules or antigenic biomarkers have already been identified. One such group of antigens that are gene-encoded are cancer testis antigens (CTAs). CTAs under normal circumstances are present in the testes only because their genes are expressed in the testes. These genes are not expressed elsewhere. Research has shown that some of these genes that are only expressed in the testes are also expressed in other somatic cells when they become cancerous tumor cells. The cells in the testes often escape the cells of immune system, because of which they are protected from antibodies that are direc ted towards cancer-testis antigens. Because of this reason, it is a good option to use immunological therapies for diagnosing CTAs in cancerous somatic cells as the same antigens in the normal cells of the testes will remain unaffected. Therefore, it can be said that CTAs are good targets for both diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, and also immunological-based therapies like adoptive therapeutics. The number of CTA genes that can be used for diagnosis is less because many of these genes are also expressed in a few normal somatic cells. Some candidate CTA genes are generally turned on during the meiotic programme. These are called meiCT or CM genes. As the present research is based on these genes, this literature review will focus on these genes which are CM genes. In the review, the first discussion is on cancer. It is an introduction to cancer, describing the causes and stages of cancer and then moving on to hallmarks of cancer.

Rationale Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Rationale - Essay Example s with specialized skill set, I have the advantage and prerequisites and can sign up for the course immediately, with the potentialities knocking at my door. As such after applying proper thought I have opted for, among others, the following group of subjects: Foundations of Leadership, Consumer Behavior, Principles of Marketing and Business & Economic History of the US. Foundations of Leadership and Principles of Marketing and Business & Economic History of the US should be of immense help to me in bettering my career prospectus. After graduation, I wish to join some multinational organization as a Marketing Executive to get exposed to the ground realties of marketing and interacting with the customers. My concentration is marketing/advertising for the sports industry with a coaching minor. I foresee immense scope for development of sports good industry. After getting sufficient marketing experience, I have plans to establish my own small scale unit to manufacture sports goods. Leadership is a quality needed most in every area, private as well as public relations. To me, educational and career advancement are alternative beats of the same heart and the degree in Bachelor of Science with major in Integrative Studies lays the foundation for a professional career. The sampling of several disciplines will provide to me a well-rounded education. By working in a multinational organization as stated above, and by gaining practical marketing experience, I am sure that I will be able to succeed in my business venture of establishing a sports goods manufacturing

Lahore Electric Supply Company (LESCO) Structure

Lahore Electric Supply Company (LESCO) Structure 2.0 OVERVIEW OF LAHORE ELECTRIC SUPPLY COMPANY (LESCO) PAKISTAN 2.1 History The electricity supply service in Pakistan, initially, was undertaken by different agencies, both in public and private sectors in different areas. In order to provide for the unified and coordinated development of the water and power resources, Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) was created through WAPDA Act, 1958. In 1994, Government of Pakistan approved the strategic plan of restructuring and privatization of power sector. As a result, power wing of WAPDA was unbundled into twelve companies for generation, transmission and distribution of electricity. Lahore Electric Supply Company (LESCO) was formed in March, 1998 with the aim of commercialization and eventually privatization. 2.2 Region-wise Segmentation LESCO holds the Distribution license from National Electric Power Regulatory Authority (NEPRA) to supply electricity in the areas that covers Civil Districts of Lahore, Kasur, Okara and Sheikupura. It serves over 2,000,000 customers 24 hours a day, 365 days per annum. In order to provide un-interrupted electric supply and quality service to customers, LESCO has divided its jurisdictional area into six distribution operation Circles. 2.3 Organizational Structure According to Balle, M (1996) organizations represent systems, not just structures. They are composed of interdependent people who rely on another for work-someone starts it, someone delivers it to the customer- for relationships and for self-realization. Likewise, in LESCO Superintending Engineer looks after the affairs of the whole Circle as being an incharge through functional/administrative control over various Divisional and Sub-Divisional Engineers including their liaisoning offices (WAPDA, 2000). However, Figure 1 shows the organizational structure of LESCO as being the focus of this study. 3.0 A SUMMARIZED VIEW OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN LESCO As, defined in the mission statement of LESCO that the primary goal is to supply the un-interrupted electricity and quality services to all category of consumers at the minimum possible cost (Mission, 2009). Keeping in view the mission statement, major milestone was set for LESCO Main Computer Centre to computerize electricity billing and collection procedures, which was met through in house development of billing and collection software. A brief note on each of these systems is as follows: 3.1 General Description of Billing System Meter reading and billing are carried out over all available days in a month in a complete cycle process in order to provide service to different categories of customers. Meter reading lists are prepared in advance by LESCO Main Computer Centre Lahore and its sub-centre at Sheikupura, which provide services to Sheikupura Circle only. They are sent to the liaison Divisional Office that is Revenue Office, who arranges for meter readings to be entered on the lists by the meter reading staff in the Sub- Divisional Office, follow up meter readings are prepared manually in Sub-Divisions. After entry of the readings, the meter reading lists are returned to the Revenue Office where the control records over the computer billing are maintained. After entry in the Revenue Office computer Records the meter reading lists are collected together in a batch file for each sub-division. The batch files are then passed to the LESCO Computer Centres on a storage device for further processing. Consumerâ €™s bills are prepared in the Computer Centres and sent to the Revenue Office for distribution to consumers through Bill Distributors, who are under the control of Sub-Divisional Officer (WAPDA, 2000). Figure 2 shows the block diagram of the system. Figure 2— Block Diagram of Billing System Director Customer Services Billing Schedule Computer Centres VAX 4000Server/VMS/COBOL Revenue Office (Computer Section) Printed Reading Lists and other reports Batch files alongiwth updated Meter Reading lists Sub-Divisional Office Printed Reading Lists and other Reports Manually updated Meter Reading Lists MIS Reports Source: Developed for this report The following reports, lists and notices are also forwarded by the Computer Centres to Divisional and Sub-Divisional Engineers for taking appropriate decision/action (WAPDA, 2000): Customers’ assessment list showing the charges on each bill along with running total and also the total number of consumers connected, temporarily disconnected and with equipment removed in each batch. Disconnection notices, which are sent to the consumers, who have not paid their bills by due date. Each Month Computer Centre prepares analysis of energy sales by Tariffs for each feeder, each Sub-Division and Division and analysis of outstanding debts showing arrears by Tariffs and age. Feeder wise line losses for reach Sub-Division 3.2 General Description of Collection System Customers pay their current bills, Demand Notices for new electricity connections and reconnection fee for restoration of disconnected supply to the specified banks and post offices. The bank/post office receives the bill or Demand Notice, enters the receipt on the Banks scroll, and retains the counterfoil. Banks daily sends a copy of bank scroll and counterfoils to the Revenue Office. The Revenue Office Accounts section checks the bill counterfoils to the bank scroll for any discrepancy/error. The scrolls and counterfoils are then sent daily to the LESCO Computer Centres and where each consumer’s payment is processed by the Computer into the Consumers ledger database. The Computer supplies a total of cash posted to each billing batch and total of unidentified cash, new connection/ reconnection fees and other receipts, to reconcile with the total of all bank scroll for each Division. However, in the event of difference not being discovered during this check Computer Centres wi ll process the amount shown on the counterfoils and return the scroll to the Revenue Office for re-checking and verification. Moreover, the bank branch remit the amounts collected to collection account in their local head offices as designated by LESCO and send a copy of the bank statement to the Revenue Office indicating total money received during the week and money remitted to the Head Office Collection Account each week and at the end of each month. The Revenue Office Account Section reconciles the bank statement with the report forwarded by the Computer Centre and sends a copy of reconciliation to the LESCO’s Finance Director (WAPDA, 2000). 3.3 Recent Improvements in the Payment Channels of Collection System Electricity bill payment was very tedious task as customers had to stand outside banks for an extended period of time due to manual procedures of payment. Also, there were issues such as bank timings and delays in remittance processing. Realizing the need to resolve the quality of service to customers, Chief Executive Officer LESCO decided to explore the payment channels. LESCO Computer Centre took the initiative and proposed a plan for starting e-service and printing of machine readable electricity bills. Accordingly, the system was formally launched from March, 1995. At present, 355 branches in LESCO are equipped with this system collecting about 25% of bills. However, the bills are paid at designated bank branches, post office and retail stores as usual, but with a technical difference. The bills are scanned by the cashier using a barcode scanner just like a retail store cashier does for grocery items. With a single scan, all the information encoded in the barcode is instantly tra nsferred to the software. In this way, bank cashiers can generate daily/monthly scrolls and collection summary (Collection, 2009). Figure 3 shows the cashier user-interface of the cash collection software. Also, the customer can deposit electricity bill using LESCO’s website, wherein he/she is required to login by providing his/her unique electricity bill reference number. Thereafter, s/he will enter the debit/credit card information for making the payment, which is then referred to the Card Processor for verification and charging. If the card got validated the amount will be credited to the consumer account and transaction will be committed to the database. And online receipt is provided to the consumer for printing(Collection, 2009). Figure 4 shows the network diagram of current collection system. As, depicted in Figure 4 the collection data from Banks is transferred to online servers on daily basis using a simple internet connection. Alternatively, if no internet connection is available a collection file may be generated and carried on a portable media. Hence, the billing data is uploaded to the online server whenever it experiences any change. Customers are able to access true online web-based services at the company website, which includes the following: Viewing monthly bills Printing duplicate bills Payment Consumption Payment history Account Status 3.4 Payroll Information System Payroll of various departments of LESCO is prepared by the Computer Centre on monthly basis. Master files for officers and staff are maintained separately. Data relating to each employee of a particular department is stored on respective master file. The Payroll Master File contains one record for each employee. The main attributes of payroll data are: Department Code Employee Code Processing Code Name Designation Station Code Pay Account Head Conveyance Allowance Medial Allowance code Income Tax Deduction Union Fund Deduction GPF Number GPF Deduction voluntary contribution National Tax Number Type of Advance Total Amount of Advance Bank Branch Code Bank Account Type The records in the File are maintained sequentially (Sorted on Department Code and Employee Code). Data is received from various departments on prescribed Performas by the coordination section of Computer Centre. The Data coded in these Performas can be New Addition of an employee’s payroll data, a Change in an existing record or deletion of an existing record. Figure 5 shows the Data Flow diagram of the Payroll System. Emp. File Pay Rates Employee Validation Check Compute Gross Produce Cheque Compute. Net Pay Determine Deductions Tax Table Personal Data Account Rerecord Payments and Deductions S.S Data Figure 5— Data Flow Diagram of Payroll System Source: Courtesy of MIS Department, LESCO Data is entered into the Computer through the Entry Machines by the Key Punch Operator. After Entry an edit List is prepared through edit listing program. This List is thoroughly checked by the Data Coordinators with the actual data on input Performas and the punching or coding errors are removed. Any change, addition of new record or deletion of existing record is intimated by the concerned department to Computer Centre on prescribed Performas. Using this data, Master files of officers and staff are updated. After updation, different types of output reports are prepared, which includes: Payroll Listing Listing of different types of schedules Account Head wise Summary Pay Slips Bank Summary Etc Reports are sent to respective departments after through checking. Also, every year in the first week of December when Payroll processing for the month of November has been completed the annual increments are assigned to the Pay of each employee in accordance their respective scale of pay. A Pay Fixation list is prepared prior to the running of Pay Increment step which shows Current Basic Pay with the addition of one increment. This department wise list is sent to each department for checking verification. If any department wants to hold the increment of an employee then the action is taken accordingly. 3.5 Management Reporting Systems At LESCO Computer headquarter; two Alpha 2100 computers equipped with Alpha processors have been installed. These computers are being optimally utilized to assist in timely analysis, generating vital information for the top management. For instance, division-wise computerized receivables reporting and monitoring system providing twenty different arrears analysis reports have been expanded to provide tariff wise information as well. These reports have also been further extended to support monitoring at the sub division level. Moreover, Performance data monitoring report reflecting various types of billing, consumers’ statistics and line losses monitoring system (Technology, 2009). 4.0 CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS EMPLOYED BY LESCO Information System (IS) is defined as an organized combination of people, hardware, software, communications networks, and data resources that stores and retrieves, transforms, and disseminates information in an organization. Importance of information management is highlighted by the fact that in addition to capital, labor and land, primary factors of production also include material, energy and information. As, the world is making a rapid transition from an industrial society to a service-driven economy, information is becoming the catalyst for economic development and change. In view of above, it may be argued that effective Information Systems play a vital and expanding role in business activities, practices and processes. Furthermore, business professionals rely on variety of information systems that uses various Information Technologies, which refers to the various software and hardware components necessary for the system to operate(). In short, computer-based-information system s use the following technologies:- Computer hardware technologies Computer software technologies Telecommunications network technologies Data resource management technologies Moreover, rapid advances in Information Technology (IT) are likely to result in shifts away from traditional role for both the IT professional and the Information users. A new generation of skilled users will participate in the development of mission critical applications and the IT department will move from a centralized repository and control of information into the business function areas as client-server technologies replacing main frames. the 21st century Chief Information Officer (CIO ) will be expected to enhance the value of information at multiple points along the value chain and his/her responsibility will extend far beyond the traditional boundaries of the IT department. Indeed, the CIO will be required to exercise leadership across the width and breadth of the enterprise. From the forgoing discussion, it can fairly be deduced that the role of IT department has moved from one of technical implementation to strategic planning and from reactive support of business to driving innovation and competitive advantage. There is natural decay of business processes over a period of time because systems are designed years ago when both the organization and available technology were very different from today. Likewise, if Billing System of LESCO is analyzed from today’s technology perspective then it has become a legacy system and no more delivering optimal performance and quality service to its internal/external customers due to manual procedures involved. Site-visit reading of residential power , water, and gas meters is a tedious, inconvenient and prone to human error. Moreover, it is not always guaranteed that the consumer will be present when utility personnel visit to read meter readings. It is possible in such case that utility personnel will estimate consumption inaccurately, which later may lead to consumer dissatisfaction. The recent advances in metering technology, mobile networks, and internet services have resulted in the proposal and development of measurement techniques, billing, and energy management systems. As, many utilities are implementing automated meter reading (AMR) systems. In addition to meter reading, AMR can be used in the power restoration process. While others have advanced the concept of AMR systems by proposing potential metering communication services using the wireless mobile public networks for measuring and billing system. 5.0 IT Technology Deployed by LESCO Hardware Components LESCO is using VAX 4000 minicomputers (midrange) for centralized processing of data in various Information Systems. Experts believe that many midrange and mainframe systems have become obsolete by the power and versatility of client/server networks composed of microcomputers and servers. Others industry experts have predicted that the emergence of network computers the on internet and intranets will replace many personal computers, especially in large corporations (). Software technologies Most the software packages for the Information Systems as described above are developed in COBOL structured language. However, modern applications are built in using Object Oriented languages such as Java, C++, and VB.Net etc. Network Technologies As shown in Figure 4, In LESCO mainframe-based network with many end user terminals are deployed for centralized processing of data, which has recently been linked with Application and Online Web server for handling payment channels of customers. Moreover, in Billing and Collection System batch files created in Revenue Office Computer Section are delivered by special messengers on a portable media to LESCO Computer Centers for centralized processing. However, wireless Wide Area Networks (WAN) can be used alongwith client/server technology to handle the geographically distant processing and network communications. Database Technologies LESCO has designed its database structures in COBOL language, which is a traditional flat file system. As, there are many anomalies associated related to management of flat file such as redundancy of data, complex operations for retrieval of reports, more storage, time and cost etc. Whereas, modern Database Management Systems based on relational and object oriented techniques are very efficient and free from such complexities and errors. 6.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Integration of IT and Customer Service E-service provides a unique opportunity for businesses to offer new models for service design strategies and new service development. While e-service has rewritten many of the rules of customer engagement, it has not fundamentally changed the fact that a key component of service delivery is building and maintaining strong customer relationships. What is important therefore, in adopting IT-based computer based customer service functions, is ensuring that the technology used, enhances rather than undermines the relationship between the customer and the company. The interface between customer and company is critical. With specific reference to web-sties, Meister et al (2000), point out that one of the major challenges of e-service is balancing the greater customization, which typically results in more complex Web sites, with a simple, accessible and easy to use Web interface. Also, the companies that keep track of customer’s individual preferences keep up with market trends, supp ly products, services and information anytime, anywhere, and provide customer services tailored to individual needs. And so, Internet technologies can make customers the focal point of customer relationship management (CRM). Today many companies are implementing customer relationship management (CRM) business initiatives and information systems as part of customer focused strategy to improve their chances for success in the contemporary business environment. CRM that uses IT to integrates and automates many of the customer-serving processes in sales, marketing, and customer services, push the company ahead in competition with other competitors. Furthermore, CRM systems include a family of software modules that provides the tools that enable a business and its employees to provide fast, convenient, dependable and consistent service to its customers. E-Service in LESCO A review of the e-service started by LESCO to facilitate the customers regarding electricity bill payment and other allied services reveals that LESCO is at an early stage in the development and implementation of a complete e-service strategy. However, they have taken a radical step to improve the bill payment channels in order to improve the customer services in this respect. As, it has already been discussed that computer based information systems rely on Information Technology. Therefore, a time to time up gradation of the technology employed by LESCO in Information Systems is essential to keep pace with the rapidly changing IT environment. 7.0 REFERENCES Khuller, A., 2006. Quarterly Newsletter of the Sari/Energy Small Grants Program with Support from USAID. Vol. X, April 2006 Available at: http: //www.sari-energy.org/PageFiles/WhatWeDo/SmallGrants/ newsletter.asp [Cited: 13 July, 2009] Segmentation, 2009. The Organization,  Available at: http://www.lesco.gov.pk/Organization/1000077.asp  [Cited: 13 July, 2009] WAPDA, 2000. WAPDA Book of Commercial Procedures-Computer Billing, Vol. II, 6th Eidition, Nov 2000. WAPDA Printing Press, Lahore. Organogram, 2009. Organization Structure at LESCO Headquarter,  Available at : http://www.lesco.gov.pk/Organization/1010001.asp [Cited: 13 July, 2009] Mission, 2009. Mission Statement,  Available at: http://www.lesco.gov.pk/Organization/1000086.asp [Cited:13 July, 2009] Collection, 2009. Management Information System,  Available at: http://www.lesco.gov.pk/Organization/1020002.asp [Cited: 13 July,2009] Technology, 2009. Information Technology in WAPDA,  Available at: http://www.wapda.gov.pk/htmls/infotech-index.html [Cited: 13 July,2009] K.C. Laudon J.C.Laudon Management Information System 10th Ed. Pearson International Edition.